Cancer vaccines are immunotherapies designed to prevent or treat cancer. There are two main types:

1. Preventive Vaccines: These prevent cancer from developing. Examples include:

• HPV vaccine: Prevents cervical and other cancers caused by human papillomavirus.

• Hepatitis B vaccine: Prevents liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus.

2. Therapeutic Vaccines: These treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to attack cancer cells. Examples include:

• Sipuleucel-T (Provenge): For prostate cancer.

• BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin): For bladder cancer.

Research is ongoing to develop more effective cancer vaccines.

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